05 · PSTN connectivity

Four ways to reach the PSTN

The connectivity option decides who operates the carrier, who you call at 2 a.m., and which license you buy.

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Learn it in 5 minutes

The four options on the connectivity page are Calling Plans, Operator Connect, Teams Phone Mobile, and Direct Routing. Microsoft is the carrier only for Calling Plans. The others use a partner or your SBC. One tenant may use all four for different people.

Operator Connect for India is its own plan because the regulatory problem is different. Do not hide an India office inside a UK SBC and call it Operator Connect.

Calling Plans, Operator Connect, Teams Phone Mobile, and Direct Routing can share a tenant. They cannot share one careless route.

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Visual

SIP over TLS toward the carrierClientsipsip2INVITE100INVITE180200ACK
Signaling for Four ways to reach the PSTN. Teams keeps the dialog. A 488 is codecs, not a greeting.
How much you operateCalling Plan · MicrosoftOperator Connect · CarrierPhone Mobile · Mobile operatorDirect Routing · Your SBC
Teaching weight, not a fee. Counts in this drawing are teaching order, not customers.

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Worked example

Four options. Microsoft is the carrier only for Calling Plans. Mixing them in one tenant is allowed.

  1. Need PSTN
  2. Choose One option per population
  3. License Matches the option
  4. Route Matches the license

If it fails: One global route assumes every user has the same carrier.

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Quiz

Which description of Operator Connect is accurate?

A colleague reports: Someone also builds a Direct Routing SBC for the same numbers and the routes fight. Where do you start?

Which description of Operator Connect for India is accurate?

Flashcards

Ecosystem

Glossary

  • Operator Connect A certified carrier manages PSTN for you inside the tenant. You need Teams Phone. You do not need a Microsoft Calling Plan or your own SBC. Config: Enable the operator in the admin center and assign the numbers they provide. Fault: Someone also builds a Direct Routing SBC for the same numbers and the routes fight.
  • Operator Connect for India The India-specific operator model. It exists because India PSTN rules are not the same as a generic Operator Connect deployment. Config: Use the current India plan article and the licensed operator there. Fault: A UK SBC was proposed as the egress for an India office.
  • Teams Phone Mobile The user’s mobile SIM number is also their Teams number, through a certified mobile operator. Teams Phone is required. Config: Assign the operator number to the user. Do not also treat it as a spare Calling Plan. Fault: One human has two different caller IDs and the CRM matches neither.
  • Direct Routing You connect a certified SBC to Teams and bring your own carrier. Users need Teams and Teams Phone. They must be homed online. Islands mode is not supported. Config: Pair the FQDN, open 5061, allow media ranges, assign a voice route. Fault: The SBC is up and the user has no voice routing policy.

Sister technologies

Around the call: compliance recording, workforce management, emergency location, analytics, CRM screen pop, and an agent with a human escape. Each one has its own failure.

Config and troubleshooting

One global route assumes every user has the same carrier.

Cross-platform bridges

CUCM

Cisco CUBE is one of the SBC families named in this lab’s certification lesson. A certified release can be the Direct Routing SBC between Unified CM and Teams.

The tenant still needs a verified domain on the SBC FQDN, and the user still needs Teams Phone. The studio translator does not open a live AXL session. Confirm the current certified release before you build.

Webex

Teams Phone and Webex Calling are separate clouds. This lab does not describe a feature that registers a Webex Calling user into a Teams tenant.

A number move is usually a carrier port, a certified SBC, or a meetings interop product. Confirm before relying.

UCCE

Unified CCE stays the ACD until you migrate it. Microsoft’s contact-center articles name Connect, Extend, and Unify. They do not name a UCCE connector in the notes this lab cites.

Voice into Teams is still Direct Routing or Operator Connect. The routing script stays on the contact-center product you bought. Confirm the vendor’s current model. Source: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoftteams/teams-contact-center.

Future hooks

Copilot Studio, Azure Communication Services, and Graph are later tracks in this lab. Treat any uncited limit as confirm before relying.

BridgesEcosystem

Sources and go deeper

Opened 2026-10. A row marked confirm did not open. Wikipedia is background. The Teams blog row is the community index.

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